Kaudne kõne (aegade järjestus)
B2Kaudne kõne (aegade järjestus)
Näide:
Otsekõne: He said, "I am tired."
Kaudne kõne: He said (that) he was tired.
(Tõlge eesti keelde: Otsekõne: „Ma olen väsinud.” → Kaudne: „Ta ütles, et ta oli väsinud.”)
- Kui kirjeldad, mida keegi ütles või küsis (nt rääkides uudisest või jutustades vestlust).
- Kui edastad käsklusi, palveid või lubadusi kolmandale isikule.
- Kui tahad lõigata otsekõne ära (ilma jutumärkideta) ja siduda lause sujuvalt jutustajaga.
Oluline: sõna "that" on sageli vabatahtlik (He said (that) he was tired). Kui reporting verb on olevikus (says), ei muuda me tavaliselt lause aega.
- Present Simple → Past Simple
Otsekõne: "I like coffee."
Kaudne: He said (that) he liked coffee.
(Eesti: „Mulle meeldib kohv.” → „Ta ütles, et talle meeldis kohv.” — märkus: eesti keeles võib tõde olla endiselt olevikus.)
- Present Continuous (am/is/are + -ing) → Past Continuous (was/were + -ing)
"I am working now." → He said he was working then.
(Eesti: „Ma töötan praegu.” → „Ta ütles, et ta töötas tol ajal.”)
- Present Perfect (have/has + past participle) → Past Perfect (had + past participle)
"I have finished." → He said he had finished.
(Eesti: „Ma olen lõpetanud.” → „Ta ütles, et ta oli lõpetanud.”)
- Past Simple → Past Perfect
"I bought a car." → He said he had bought a car.
(Eesti: „Ma ostsin auto.” → „Ta ütles, et ta oli auto ostnud.”)
- Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
"I was reading." → He said he had been reading.
(Eesti: „Ma lugesin.” → „Ta ütles, et ta oli lugenud.”)
- Past Perfect → Past Perfect (ei muutu)
"I had already left." → He said he had already left.
- Will → would
"I will help you." → He said he would help me.
- Be going to → was/were going to (või mõnikord would)
"I'm going to travel." → He said he was going to travel.
- Can → could
"I can swim." → He said he could swim.
- May → might
"I may come." → He said he might come.
- Must → had to (tavaliselt ajaloos obligationi puhul)
"I must go now." → He said he had to go then.
(Märkus: kui "must" väljendab järeldust, võib see mõnikord jääda muutumatuks: "She must be home" → He said she must be home.)
- Modalid nagu would, could, might, should sageli jäävad samaks
"I would help." → He said he would help.
- Future perfect (will have + p.p.) → would have + p.p.
"I will have finished by five." → He said he would have finished by five.
- Otsekõne: "She lives in London."
- Kaudne: He said (that) she lived in London.
2) Present continuous → past continuous
- "I am eating." → He said he was eating.
3) Present perfect → past perfect
- "I have seen that movie." → She said she had seen that movie.
4) Past simple → past perfect
- "They left early." → He said they had left early.
5) Future will → would
- "I will call you tomorrow." → He said he would call me the next day.
6) Can → could
- "I can do it." → She said she could do it.
- I → he / she / they
- my → his / her / their
- we → they
- today → that day
- yesterday → the day before / the previous day
- tomorrow → the next day / the following day
- now → then
- here → there
- this → that
- these → those
- last night/week → the night before / the week before
- ago → before
Näide:
Otsekõne: "I will come tomorrow."
Kaudne: He said (that) he would come the next day.
(Eesti: „Ma tulen homme.” → „Ta ütles, et ta tuleks järgmisel päeval.”)
- Otsekõne: "Do you like coffee?"
- Kaudne: He asked if I liked coffee. (või whether I liked coffee)
Wh-küsimused → säilitame wh-sõna (who/what/where jne.) ja muutame sõnajärge tavaks:
- Otsekõne: "Where do you live?"
- Kaudne: She asked where I lived.
(Eesti: „Kus sa elad?” → „Ta küsis, kus ma elasin.”)
Märkused:
- "Whether" ja "if" on sageli vahetatavad jah/ei küsimustes; ametlikumas kirjutises eelistatakse mõnikord "whether".
- Kaudse küsimuse juures ei jää küsimärk (kirjapildis on lause lihtsustatud väitelause kujul).
- Imperatiiv (käsk): tavaliselt muudetakse kujule tell/ask + objekt + to-infinitive
- Palve/ettepanek
"Please help me." → He asked me to help him.
"Let's go to the cinema." → He suggested going to the cinema. / He suggested that we should go to the cinema. / He suggested we go to the cinema.
Märkus: mõningad tegusõnad (ask, tell, order, invite, suggest, promise, refuse) nõuavad erilist struktuuri. Näiteks "promise" sageli edastatakse: "I'll help" → She promised (that) she would help me.
- can → could
- may → might
- will → would
- must → had to (kohustus minevikus), kuid järelduse puhul võib jääda must
- should, would, could, might jäävad sageli muutumatuks
- "If I see him, I will tell him." → He said that if he saw him, he would tell him.
- "If I had known, I would have helped." → He said that if he had known, he would have helped.
Märkus: kui tingimuslauses on juba minevik (past perfect), siis tavaliselt seda ei muuda.
- Kui reporting verb on olevikus (says, is saying) või tulevikus (will say), ei pruugi me aja nihutada: "She says, 'I live here.'" → She says (that) she lives here.
- Kui väide on üldine tõde või fakt (= ajatu), võib kasutada originaalaega: "The earth orbits the sun" → He said the earth orbits the sun.
- Kui info on endiselt tõene praeguses kontekstis, suudab juht rääkida sellest olevikus: "He said he is 12 years old" (kui see on ikka tõsi).
- Mõned modaalid ja väljendid (should, might, would) võivad jääda muutumatuks.
- Unustatakse muuta "will" → "would":
- Jäetakse küsimuse sõnajärjestus samaks:
Viga: He asked: "Where do you live?" → He asked where do you live.
Õige: He asked where I lived.
- Ei muudetud aega ega ajamäärust (now → then, today → that day):
Viga: He said yesterday, "I am tired" → He said yesterday that he is tired.
Õige: He said yesterday that he was tired.
- Segadus "say" ja "tell" vahel:
- "Say" ei võta otsest objekti: He said (that) he was tired.
- "Tell" võtab objekti: He told me (that) he was tired.