Arról beszámolni, mit mondott valaki (közvetett beszéd állítások és kérdések esetén)
B1Arról beszámolni, mit mondott valaki (közvetett beszéd — állítások és kérdések)
- Direkt (közvetlen) idézet: 'I am tired,' she said. ("Fáradt vagyok", mondta.)
- Közvetett: She said (that) she was tired. (Azt mondta, hogy fáradt.)
A közvetett beszédben gyakran megváltoztatjuk a névmásokat, az igeidőket és az idő-/helyhatározókat, hogy illeszkedjenek az új mondat környezetéhez.
- Amikor átadjuk, mit mondott valaki (pl. hírek, beszámolók, párbeszéd összefoglalása).
- Udvariasabb formában, különösen kérdések és kérések átadásakor.
- Ha nem ismételjük pontosan szóról szóra az eredeti mondatot.
- Alapszerkezet: Reporting verb + (that) + reported clause
- He said (that) + she was tired.
- A 'that' gyakran elhagyható: He said (that) he was late. → He said he was late.
Névmások (pronouns) és személyek
- I → he / she / they; we → they; my → his / her; me → him / her
- Direkt: 'I love this book,' she said. → Közvetett: She said (that) she loved that book.
Igeidők: "backshifting" (az igeidők visszahúzása)
Ha a jelentő ige múltban van (said, told, asked stb.), általában egy lépéssel visszahúzzuk az igeidőt:
- Present Simple → Past Simple
- Direkt: 'I live in London.' → Reported: He said (that) he lived in London.
- Present Continuous → Past Continuous
- 'I'm working now.' → He said (that) he was working then.
- Present Perfect → Past Perfect
- 'I have seen that movie.' → He said (that) he had seen that movie.
- Past Simple → Past Perfect
- 'I bought a car.' → He said (that) he had bought a car.
- Past Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous / Past Perfect
- 'I was waiting.' → He said (that) he had been waiting.
- Past Perfect → (általában) változatlan
- 'I had already left.' → He said (that) he had already left.
- Will → would
- 'I will help you.' → He said (that) he would help me.
Mikor NEM kötelező a backshift?
- Ha a jelentés ma is igaz (állandó igazság):
- 'Water boils at 100°C,' he said. → He said (that) water boils at 100°C.
- Ha a jelentő ige jelen időben áll: She says, 'I am tired.' → She says (that) she is tired. (Nincs visszahúzás.)
Idő- és helyhatározók gyakori változásai
- now → then
- today → that day
- tonight → that night
- yesterday → the day before / the previous day
- tomorrow → the next day / the following day
- last week → the week before / the previous week
- next week → the following week
- here → there
- this → that / these → those
- ago → before (two days ago → two days before)
Példa: Direkt: 'I'm leaving tomorrow,' she said. → Közvetett: She said (that) she was leaving the next day.
Igen/nem kérdések (Yes/No questions)
- Szerkezet: reporting verb + if / whether + subject + verb
- Direkt: 'Do you like coffee?' → He asked, 'Do you like coffee?'
- Közvetett: He asked if/whether I liked coffee. (He asked me if I liked coffee.)
- Megjegyzés: whether formálisabb és néha egyértelműbb: He asked whether I would come or not.
Kérdőszavas kérdések (Wh-questions: what, where, when, why, how, who, which, whom)
- Szerkezet: reporting verb + question word + subject + verb (nincs inverzió)
- Direkt: 'Where do you live?' → Közvetett: He asked where I lived.
- Direkt: 'What did you buy?' → Közvetett: She asked what I had bought.
- Fontos: Ne hagyd meg a kérdő inverziót (helyes: what I had bought, NEM: what did I buy).
Kérések, felszólítások, parancsok (imperatives és requests)
- Általában: reporting verb + object + to-infinitive
- Direkt: 'Close the door!' → He told me (to) close the door. (He told me to close the door.)
- Direkt: 'Please be quiet.' → She asked them to be quiet.
- Direkt: 'Don't be late.' → He told me not to be late.
- Ha a kérés igen/nem formában van: 'Could you pass the salt?' → He asked me to pass the salt.
Különbség: ask + if/whether vs. ask + object + to-infinitive
- Kérdés: 'Can you help me?' → He asked if I could help him. (kérdő forma)
- Kérés (felszólítás átadása): 'Can you help me?' → He asked me to help him. (felszólítás/elkérés)
- can → could
- 'I can swim.' → He said (that) he could swim.
- may → might
- 'I may come.' → She said (that) she might come.
- will → would
- 'I will call you.' → He said (that) he would call me. / He promised to call me.
- must → had to (kötelezettség):
- 'I must go now.' → She said (that) she had to go then.
- Megjegyzés: Ha logikai következtetésről van szó ("He must be home"), gyakran megmarad a must: He said that he must be home. (Finom különbség.)
- should, would, could, might általában változatlanok maradnak (vagy rare esetben visszahúzódhatnak ugyanúgy): 'I should go.' → He said (that) he should go.
- used to marad: 'I used to play tennis.' → He said (that) he used to play tennis.
- say: say (to somebody) (that) ...
- 'I am tired,' he said to me. → He said (to me) (that) he was tired.
- tell: tell + object + (that) ... (tell mindig igényel tárgyat)
- 'I am late,' she told him. → She told him (that) she was late.
- ask: ask + object + to-infinitive (kérés) vagy ask + if/whether + clause (kérdés) vagy ask + question word + clause
- 'Could you help me?' → He asked me to help him.
- 'Are you coming?' → He asked if I was coming.
- reply / answer: reply/answer + (that) ... vagy reply/answer + to somebody
- 'Yes, I will.' → She replied that she would.
- promise: promise + to-infinitive vagy promise (that) ...
- 'I'll help you.' → He promised (that) he would help me. / He promised to help me.
- offer: offer + to-infinitive
- 'I'll carry that for you.' → He offered to carry it for me.
- suggest: suggest + -ing / suggest (that) + should ...
- 'Let's try a new place.' → He suggested trying a new place. / He suggested that we should try a new place.
- advise / warn / remind / invite / refuse stb. – gyakran külön szerkezetek (advise + object + to-infinitive; warn + object + not to ...)
- 'Don't touch that,' he warned me. → He warned me not to touch that.
- Hibás: He asked do you like pizza? (helytelen)
- Helyes: He asked if I liked pizza.
- Ne hagyd meg a kérdő inverziót: helytelen: She asked where do you live. Helyes: She asked where I lived.
- 'tell' mindig tárgyat vár: helytelen: He told that he was tired. Helyes: He told me that he was tired.
- Figyelj a névmásokra és az időviszonyokra (most → akkor, tegnap → az előző nap stb.).
- Ne változtass meg mindent automatikusan: ha az állítás ma is igaz vagy a reporting verb jelenben van, nem kell az igeidőt visszahúzni.
Összefoglaló (gyors referencia)
- Kijelentés: reporting verb + (that) + S + V (backshift alapvetően, ha reporting verb múltban van).
- Igen/nem kérdés: reporting verb + if/whether + S + V
- Wh-kérdés: reporting verb + wh-word + S + V
- Felszólítás/kérés: reporting verb + object + to-infinitive (not to + infinitive a tagadásnál)
- Időszavak: now→then, today→that day, yesterday→the day before, tomorrow→the next day, here→there stb.
Részletes példagyűjtemény (gyakori típusok)
Kijelentések, igeidő-változások
- 'I live in London,' he said. → He said (that) he lived in London. (Azt mondta, hogy Londonban él.)
- 'I am leaving now,' she said. → She said (that) she was leaving then. (Azt mondta, hogy most indul.)
- 'I have lost my keys,' he said. → He said (that) he had lost his keys. (Azt mondta, hogy elvesztette a kulcsait.)
- 'I went to Paris last year,' she said. → She said (that) she had gone to Paris the year before.
Kérdések — yes/no
- 'Do you like pizza?' he asked. → He asked if I liked pizza. (Megkérdezte, hogy szeretem-e a pizzát.)
- 'Have you finished your homework?' she asked. → She asked if I had finished my homework.
Kérdőszavas kérdések
- 'Where do you live?' → He asked where I lived.
- 'When did the meeting start?' → She asked when the meeting had started.
- 'Why are you late?' → He asked why I was late.
Felszólítások / kérések / tiltások
- 'Close the window,' he said. → He asked/told me to close the window.
- 'Please don't be late,' she said. → She asked me not to be late.
- 'Could you lend me some money?' he asked. → He asked me to lend him some money.
Ígéretek, felajánlások és elutasítások
- 'I'll help you with that,' he said. → He promised (that) he would help me. / He promised to help me.
- 'I'll carry your bag,' she said. → She offered to carry my bag.
- 'I won't help you,' he said. → He refused to help me. / He said (that) he wouldn't help me.
Modális igék példák
- 'I can do it,' → He said (that) he could do it.
- 'I must leave now,' → She said (that) she had to leave then.
- 'She may come later,' → He said (that) she might come later.
Sok példát és áttekintést adtam — ha szeretnéd, hogy konkrét mondatokat alakítsunk át együtt (direktről közvetettre vagy fordítva), küldj néhány példát és megmutatom a helyes megoldást és a magyarázatot.