Ziņošana par to, ko kāds teica (netiešā runa — paziņojumi un jautājumi)

Kā atstāstīt, ko kāds teica (netiešā runa — paziņojumi un jautājumi)

Netiešā runa (angļu valodā: reported speech vai indirect speech) ir veids, kā atstāstīt vai ziņot par to, ko kāds teica, bez tiešas citēšanas (bez pēdiņām). Parasti mainās laiki, personas vietniekvārdi, laika un vietas norādes, un jautājumu izkārtojums. Šeit ir skaidri soļi, noteikumi un daudz piemēru, kas palīdzēs pārvērst tiešo runu netiešajā gan paziņojumiem, gan jautājumiem.

Kas ir netiešā runa?

Netiešā runa — tas ir teikums, kurā mēs atkārtojam cita cilvēka teikto, bet neizmantojam tiešus citātus. Piemērs:

Direct (tiešā runa): "I am tired," she said.
Reported (netiešā runa): She said (that) she was tired.
(Latviski: Viņa teica, ka viņa bija nogurusi.)

Kad lieto netiešo runu?

- Lai atstāstītu sarunu citai personai.
- Rakstot ziņojumus vai ziņas (journalism, summaries).
- Lai noraksturotu pagātnes notikumus bez tiešām citām.

Piemēri:
- He said, "I can't come." -> He said (that) he couldn't come.
- She asked, "Where do you live?" -> She asked where I lived.

Pamatsoļi, lai pārvērstu tiešo runu netiešajā

1. Izvēlies pareizo ziņošanas darbības vārdu
- Statements: say, tell, explain, add, admit, deny u.c. (piem., He said (that) ... / He told me (that) ...).
- Questions: ask, inquire, wonder, want to know (piem., She asked if/whether ... / She wondered ...).

2. Nomaini personas vietniekvārdus
- "I" kļūst par "he/she/they" atkarībā no runātāja; "you" pārveidojas atbilstoši kontekstam (to me, to him, to us u.c.).

Piemērs:
- Direct: "I am hungry," he said. -> Reported: He said (that) he was hungry.
- Direct: "Are you ready?" she asked me. -> Reported: She asked me if I was ready.

3. Pielāgo laika un vietas norādes
- now -> then
- today -> that day
- tonight -> that night
- yesterday -> the day before / the previous day
- tomorrow -> the next day / the following day
- last week -> the week before / the previous week
- next week -> the following week / the week after
- here -> there
- this -> that; these -> those
- ago -> before

Piemēri:
- "I will call you tomorrow," -> He said he would call me the next day.
- "I saw her here yesterday," -> He said he had seen her there the day before.

4. Pielāgo darbības vārdu laikus (backshift), ja ziņošanas darbības vārds ir pagātnē
- Ja reporting verb ir pagātnē (piem., said, asked), parasti laiki bīdās vienu posmu atpakaļ (backshift). Ja reporting verb ir tagadnē (says), backshift nav obligāts.

Laiku pārveidošanas biežākie gadījumi (pēc pagātnes reporting verb)

- Present simple -> Past simple
Direct: "I live in London." -> Reported: He said (that) he lived in London.
- Present continuous -> Past continuous
Direct: "I am reading a book." -> Reported: She said (that) she was reading a book.
- Present perfect -> Past perfect
Direct: "I have finished my work." -> Reported: He said (that) he had finished his work.
- Past simple -> Past perfect
Direct: "I bought it yesterday." -> Reported: She said (that) she had bought it the day before.
- Past continuous -> Past perfect continuous
Direct: "I was working all night." -> Reported: He said (that) he had been working all night.
- Will -> Would
Direct: "I will help you." -> Reported: She said (that) she would help me.
- Can -> Could
Direct: "I can do it." -> Reported: He said (that) he could do it.
- May -> Might
Direct: "I may come." -> Reported: She said (that) she might come.
- Must -> Had to (obligation)
Direct: "I must leave now." -> Reported: He said (that) he had to leave then.

Piezīme: daži izteikumi, vispārīgi fakti vai patiesības netiek bīdīti. Piem., "He says, 'The Earth goes round the Sun.'" -> He says that the Earth goes round the Sun. (Teikumu var neatbīdīt, jo tas ir vispārzināms fakts vai ziņošanas darbības vārds ir tagadnē.)

Modalo vārdu (modal verbs) maiņa

- will -> would ( "I will help" -> he said he would help )
- can -> could ( "I can swim" -> he said he could swim )
- may -> might ( "I may be late" -> he said he might be late )
- must -> had to OR must (obligation: "I must go" -> he said he had to go; bet ja "must" izsaka secinājumu, var palikt must)
- should -> should (parasti nemainās)

Piemēri:
- Direct: "I must finish this." -> Reported: He said (that) he had to finish it.
- Direct: "You should see a doctor," she said. -> Reported: She said (that) I should see a doctor.

5. Noņem pēdiņas un lieto 'that' (neobligāti) paziņojumos
- He said (that) ... — 'that' bieži ir izlaists runā.
- Tell prasa objektu: He told me (that) ... ; He said (that) ... (bez obligāta objekta).

Piemēri:
- Direct: "I'm tired," he said to me. -> Reported: He told me (that) he was tired. (nevis He said me ... )

6. Jautājumu pārveidošana
- Yes/no jautājumi: izmanto if vai whether un vārdu kārtību "subject + verb" (nevis apgrieztu):
"Do you like coffee?" -> He asked if I liked coffee.
- Wh-jautājumi: saglabā wh-vārdu un lieto parasto teikuma vārdu kārtību (subject + verb):
"Where do you live?" -> He asked where I lived.

Netiešā runa — paziņojumi (statements)

Say vs Tell
- say (to say): var lietot bez tiešā objekta: He said (that) he was tired.
- tell (to tell): prasa objektu: He told me (that) he was tired.

Piemēri:
- Direct: "I am tired," she said. -> Reported: She said (that) she was tired.
- Direct: "I am tired," she told me. -> Reported: She told me (that) she was tired.

Daudzi praktiski piemēri (paziņojumi):
- Direct: "I live in New York," he said.
Reported: He said (that) he lived in New York.
(Viņš teica, ka dzīvo Ņujorkā.)

- Direct: "I am learning French," Anna said.
Reported: Anna said (that) she was learning French.
(Anna teica, ka mācas franču valodu.)

- Direct: "I have already eaten," John said.
Reported: John said (that) he had already eaten.
(Džons teica, ka viņš jau bija paēdis.)

- Direct: "I bought a new car yesterday," she said.
Reported: She said (that) she had bought a new car the day before.
(Viņa teica, ka vakar bija nopirkusi jaunu auto.)

- Direct: "I will call you tomorrow," he said.
Reported: He said (that) he would call me the next day.
(Viņš teica, ka piezvanīs man nākamajā dienā.)

- Direct: "I can finish the work," she said.
Reported: She said (that) she could finish the work.
(Viņa teica, ka var pabeigt darbu.)

Netiešā runa — jautājumi (questions)

Yes/No jautājumi
- Parasti lieto ask + if/whether + subject + verb (bez apgrieztas kārtības):

Piemēri:
- Direct: "Do you like chocolate?" she asked.
Reported: She asked if I liked chocolate.
(Viņa jautāja, vai man patīk šokolāde.)

- Direct: "Did you finish the report?" he asked.
Reported: He asked if I had finished the report.
(Viņš jautāja, vai es biju pabeidzis ziņojumu.)

- Direct: "Can you help me?" she asked.
Reported: She asked if I could help her.
(Viņa jautāja, vai es varētu viņai palīdzēt.)

Wh-jautājumi
- Saglabā wh-vārdu (what, where, when, why, who, how utt.), bet maini vārdu kārtību uz parasto (subject + verb):

Piemēri:
- Direct: "Where do you live?" he asked.
Reported: He asked where I lived.
(Viņš jautāja, kur es dzīvoju.)

- Direct: "What time does the train leave?" she asked.
Reported: She asked what time the train left.
(Viņa jautāja, kurā laikā vilciens aiziet.)

- Direct: "Why did you leave early?" they asked.
Reported: They asked why I had left early.
(Viņi jautāja, kāpēc es izbraucu agrāk.)

Jautājumu izteikumi ar 'wonder' vai 'want to know'
- "wonder" bieži lieto, ja runātājs nav tieši uzdevis jautājumu personai, bet vēlējies uzzināt:

Piemēri:
- Direct: "Where is the station?" -> She wondered where the station was.
(Viņa vaicāja (vēlējās zināt), kur ir stacija.)

- Direct: "Did Tom call?" -> He wanted to know whether Tom had called.
(Viņš gribēja uzzināt, vai Toms bija zvanījis.)

- Direct: "Who stole the book?" the teacher asked.
Reported: The teacher asked who had stolen the book.
(Skolotājs jautāja, kas nozadzis grāmatu.)

- Direct: "How long have you worked here?" he asked.
Reported: He asked how long I had worked there.
(Viņš jautāja, cik ilgi es strādāju tur.)

Biežāk pieļautās kļūdas

- Neaizvietot personas vietniekvārdus:
Nepareizi: He said "I am tired" -> He said I am tired.
Pareizi: He said (that) he was tired.

- Aizmirst mainīt laika norādes:
Nepareizi: "I will come tomorrow" -> She said she will come tomorrow.
Pareizi: She said she would come the next day.

- Saglabāt jautājuma apgriezto kārtību reportētā jautājumā:
Nepareizi: He asked where do you live?
Pareizi: He asked where I lived.

- Lietot 'say' bez objekta tur, kur vajadzīgs 'tell':
Nepareizi: He said me he was tired.
Pareizi: He told me (that) he was tired. / He said (to me) that he was tired.

- Nepareizi pārvērsti modālos:
Nepareizi: "I can help" -> He said he can help.
Pareizi: He said he could help (ja reporting verb pagātnē).

Ātrs pārskats — soļi pārbaudīšanai

1. Vai reporting verb ir pagātnē (said/asked) vai tagadnē (says/asks)? Ja pagātnē — jāveic laika bīdīšana.
2. Nomaini personas vietniekvārdus.
3. Pārveido laika un vietas norādes.
4. Maini darbības vārdu laikus atbilstoši tabulai (present -> past, past -> past perfect utt.).
5. Ja ir jautājums — izmanto if/whether (yes/no) vai saglabā wh-vārdu; vārdu kārtība — subject + verb.
6. Izmanto pareizo reporting verb (say/tell/ask/wonder u.c.).

Īss vārdnīciņa

- Direct speech (tiešā runa): teikumi ar pēdiņām, tieši citēts runātāja teikums.
- Reported speech / Indirect speech (netiešā runa): atstāstīts saturs bez pēdiņām.
- Reporting verb (ziņošanas darbības vārds): say, tell, ask, wonder u.c.
- Backshift (laika bīdīšana): darbības vārdu laiku pārbīde atpakaļ (present -> past utt.).
- If / whether: vārdi, kas ievada yes/no jautājumus netiešajā runā.

Nobeigums

Netiešās runas pamatprincipi ir vienkārši: maini vietniekvārdus, pielāgo laika/vietas norādes un pārbīdi laikus, ja ziņošanas darbības vārds ir pagātnē. Jautājumus pārveido, izmantojot if/whether vai wh-vārdus, un neaizmirsti pareizi lietot say/tell/ask. Praktizējot ar piemēriem, pārveidošana kļūst ātra un intuitīva.

Visbeidzot — ja reporting verb ir tagadnē (he says / she asks) vai ja teikums joprojām ir patiess, laiku bīdīšana var nebūt obligāta: He says (that) he is happy. (Viņš saka, ka ir laimīgs.)

Veiksmi mācībās!